croshour.blogg.se - Which three processes are methods of genetic recombination

What are the three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?įrederick Griffith was the first to demonstrate the process of transformation.What is a benefit of asexual reproduction?.What are three ways sexual reproduction introduces genetic variation into offspring?.c) In conjugation, DNA is transferred between cells through a cytoplasmic bridge after a conjugation pilus draws the two cells close enough to form the bridge. b) In transduction, a bacteriophage injects DNA that is a hybrid of viral DNA and DNA from a previously infected bacterial cell.

The DNA may remain separate as a plasmid or be incorporated into the host genome. a) In transformation, the cell takes up DNA directly from the environment. There are three prokaryote-specific mechanisms leading to horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes.

Conjugation: use of a hollow tube called a conjugation pilus to transfer genes between cellsįigure 12.24.

Transduction: genes are transferred between cells in a virus (see The Viral Life Cycle).

Transformation: naked DNA is taken up from the environment.

HGT in prokaryotes is known to occur by the three primary mechanisms that are illustrated in Figure 12.24: Although HGT is more common among evolutionarily related organisms, it may occur between any two species that live together in a natural community. Many scientists believe that HGT and mutation are significant sources of genetic variation, the raw material for the process of natural selection, in prokaryotes. As the phenomenon is investigated more thoroughly, it may be revealed to be even more common. It is thought that HGT is more prevalent in prokaryotes but that only a small fraction of the prokaryotic genome may be transferred by this type of transfer at any one time. HGT allows even distantly related species to share genes, influencing their phenotypes. How then do organisms whose dominant reproductive mode is asexual create genetic diversity? In prokaryotes, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the introduction of genetic material from one organism to another organism within the same generation, is an important way to introduce genetic diversity. Although asexual reproduction produces more offspring more quickly, any benefits of diversity among those offspring are lost. When prokaryotes and eukaryotes reproduce asexually, they transfer a nearly identical copy of their genetic material to their offspring through vertical gene transfer. Genetic diversity of offspring is useful in changing or inconsistent environments and may be one reason for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction.

The occurrence of mutations also contributes to genetic diversity in a population. Genetic diversity is also introduced during sexual reproduction, when the genetic information from two parents, each with different complements of genetic information, are combined, producing new combinations of parental genotypes in the diploid offspring. In sexually reproducing organisms, crossing-over events and independent assortment of individual chromosomes during meiosis contribute to genetic diversity in the population. Vertical gene transfer is by far the main mode of transmission of genetic information in all cells. Typically, when we consider genetic transfer, we think of vertical gene transfer, the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. Explain the structure and consequences for bacterial genetic diversity of transposons.Explain how asexual gene transfer results in prokaryotic genetic diversity.Compare the processes of transformation, transduction, and conjugation.12.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity Learning Objectives